Origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda a partir de la arteria pulmonar / Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

Introducción: El origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda que nace en la arteria pulmonar, conocido como síndrome de Bland, White y Garland, es una enfermedad cardiaca congénita, de baja incidencia, espectro clínico variable y no es exclusiva de la edad pediátrica. Tiene una alta mortalidad en el primer año de vida si no se diagnostica y trata oportunamente. Objetivo: Describir las características del diagnóstico del síndrome de Bland, White y Garland. Métodos: Se realizó la caracterización de la entidad en Cuba en un decenio (2005 a 2015). Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas sugerentes de síndrome de Bland, White y Garland y confirmación ecocardiográfica. Se realizó el cálculo de la prevalencia de la entidad y se empleó el porcentaje en las variables cualitativas y la prueba exacta de Fisher. La validación estadística de los resultados de la investigación adoptó nivel de significación menor a 5 por ciento. Resultados: La prevalencia estimada en esa década en Cuba estaba alrededor de 2,9 por 300 000 nacidos vivos. Se demuestra la variabilidad en sus manifestaciones clínicas y amplio rango de edad de presentación. El tratamiento es quirúrgico con excelente supervivencia y pronóstico. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico del síndrome de Bland, White y Garland es difícil mediante el método clínico debido a la diversidad en su presentación. La prevalencia estimada en Cuba es mayor que lo registrado en el mundo actual. El diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno mejora de forma significativa la supervivencia y el pronóstico de los pacientes aquejados por esta dolencia(AU)

Introduction: The anomalous origin of left coronary artery that originates in the pulmonary artery, known as Bland, White and Garland is a congenital heart disease, with low incidence, variable clinical spectrum and is not exclusive of the pediatric age group. It has a high mortality in the first year of life if not diagnosed and treated early. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the diagnosis of Bland, White and Garland syndrome. Methods: It was made the characterization of the entity in Cuba in a decade (2005 to 2015). There were included all the patients with clinical manifestations suggestive to Bland, White and Garland syndrome and echocardiographic confirmation. It was made the calculation of this entity´s prevalence and it was used the percentage in the qualitative variables and Fisher's exact test. The statistical validation of research results had a significance level lower than 5 percent. Results: The estimated prevalence in that decade in Cuba was around 2.9 per 300 000 live births. It was demonstrated the variability in its clinical manifestations and wide range of onset´s age. The treatment is surgical with excellent survival and prognosis. Conclusions: The diagnosis of Bland, White and Garland syndrome is difficult through the clinical method due to the diversity in its presentation. The estimated prevalence in Cuba is greater than what was registered in the world today. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment significantly improves the survival and prognosis of patients suffering from this condition(AU)

Long-term assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and mitral regurgitation following takeuchi repair

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the early operative outcomes and to compare the left ventricle and mitral valve functions after initial Takeuchi repair in patients with anomalous left coronary arising from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). Methods: Fourteen patients (5 males, 9 females; mean age 4.3 years, ranging from 25 days to 34 years) who were operated for ALCAPA between 2007 and 2018 were included in this study. Data were evaluated retrospectively based on our medical records. Results: Hospital mortality rate was 7.1% (n=1). Thirteen surviving patients were kept in follow-up mean 4.3±3.05 years. When compared to preoperative measurements, both left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), (P=0.007) and mitral regurgitation (MR) (P=0.001) significantly improved before discharge. Moreover, LVEF values were improved in the late follow-up, considering early postoperative outcomes, and this alteration was significant (P=0.014). Nevertheless, alteration in the degree of MR among patients did not differ in the long-term follow-up (P=0.180). There was no late-term mortality or need for reoperation among patients. Conclusion: Although some centers prefer to direct implantation in ALCAPA, Takeuchi procedure can be accepted as a reliable method that provides satisfactory long-term results, considering that it aids to improve left ventricle ejection fraction and reduced mitral valve regurgitation.

Oiigen anomalo de la arteria coronaiia derecha de la arteiia pulmonar en un lactante con soplo cardiaco: A proposito de un caso / Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in an infant with a heart murmur: Case report

El origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria derecha de la arteria pulmonar es una entidad rara con una incidencia del 0,002 % y potencialmente grave, que puede causar muerte súbita. El diagnóstico frecuentemente es incidental, secundario a evaluaciones por soplos cardíacos a diferencia del origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda de la arteria pulmonar, reconocido por presentar isquemia miocárdica e insuficiencia cardíaca. Se reporta el caso de una niña de 6 meses evaluada por un soplo y derivada por sospecha de fístula coronaria. La evaluación mediante ecocardiograma doppler color, cateterismo cardíaco y angiotomografía mostró la presencia de una comunicación interauricular ostium secundum pequeña y origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria derecha de la arteria pulmonar. A los 11 meses, se realizó una cirugía de reimplante de la arteria coronaria derecha en la arteria aorta y el cierre de la comunicación interauricular.

The anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare entity that has an incidence of 0.002 % and can potentially cause sudden death. Unlike to the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), usually presented with myocardial ischemia and heart failure; the diagnosis of ARCAPA is often incidental during evaluation of a heart murmur. We report a case of a 6 months old female patient referred to us with a cardiac murmur and a suspicion of coronary fistula. For a proper diagnostic assessment an echocardiogram, a computed tomography angiography and a cardiac catheterization were requested. A small ostium secundum-type atrial septal defect (ASD) and an ARCAPA were revealed. At 11 months old, the patient was scheduled for corrective cardiovascular surgery. The aim of this report is to describe a low incidence and potentially fatal disease.

Evaluation of anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery

Abstract Objective: This study evaluated clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment methods, and follow-up of cases of anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery. Methods: The study included all cases diagnosed with anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery between January 2012 and January 2016. Data from patients’ demographic characteristics, electrocardiography, echocardiography, angiographic findings, operation, intensive care unit stay, and follow-up were evaluated. Results: The study included 12 patients (8 male, 4 female), 10 with anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and 2 with anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA). Median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range, 1 month - 10 years old) and median weight was 5.5 kg (range, 3-30 kg). The most common complaints were murmur (n=7) and respiratory distress (n=5). In 4 cases, the initial diagnosis was dilated cardiomyopathy. Electrocardiographs were pathologic in all cases. Echocardiographic examination revealed medium to severe mitral valve regurgitation in 4 cases and reduced (< 40%) ejection fraction in 6 patients. Of the 12 patients, 8 underwent direct implantation of the left coronary artery into the aorta, 2 underwent implantation of the right coronary artery into the aorta, and the remaining 2 underwent a Takeuchi procedure. There were no early mortalities. Median hospital stay was 20 days (range, 5-35 days). Median follow-up duration was 18 months (range, 5-36 months), and no cases required further surgery during follow-up. Conclusions: Anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery can be successfully repaired providing there is early diagnosis and effective, appropriate intensive care unit follow-up. Therefore, coronary artery origins should be evaluated carefully, especially in cases with dilated cardiomyopathies.

Síndrome de Bland-White-Garland / Bland-White-Garland syndrome

El síndrome de Bland-White-Garland constituye un defecto congénito poco frecuente, pero grave; el 90 % de los pacientes mueren en el primer año de vida si no reciben tratamiento. Desde el período previo a la ecocardiografía hasta la actualidad se describe en los textos una prevalencia de 1 por 300 000 nacidos vivos. Su forma de presentación clínica es variada, y a pesar de ser una anomalía de origen congénito, no es exclusiva de las edades pediátricas. Existen niños que padecen la variedad adulta del síndrome, sujetos enmarcados bajo la fachada clínica de otras entidades nosológicas, o, incluso, que cursan de manera silente, por lo que constituye un grave problema de salud. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, con supervivencia y pronóstico apropiados si se diagnostica en etapa precoz.

Bland-White-Garland syndrome is a rare but serious congenital defect since 90% of patients may die in the first year of life if they are not duly treated. From the period prior to the emergence of echocardiography up to the present day, the prevalence described in literature is 1 per 300 000 live births. Its clinical presentation is varied, and in spite of the fact that it is an anomaly of congenital origin, it does not only occur in pediatric ages. There are children suffering the adult variety of the syndrome; others who are masked under the clinical umbrella of other diseases or even children who are asymptomatic, so this syndrome can represent a serious health problem. Surgical treatment is the choice, with adequate prognosis and survival if diagnosis is made at early phase.